Other circumlocutions that I don't think made it into any Romance languages:
"ita" ('it is so', 'indeed')
"ita vero" ('it is so, truly')
"maxime" ('entirely')
"valde" ('very much (so)')
"vere" ('truly')
There are great circumlocutions for "no". I remember Nancy Llewellyn had a whole list, including "haud quaquam" ('hardly/scarcely to any degree'), "nullo modo" and "nullo pacto" ('in no way'), and "nullactenus" ('to no extent'). Latin students are most often taught "minime" ('minimally', 'scarcely').
Without the circumlocutions I think you would simply do what so many other languages described here do, which is repeat the main verb of a question, either negated or not negated.
"ita" ('it is so', 'indeed')
"ita vero" ('it is so, truly')
"maxime" ('entirely')
"valde" ('very much (so)')
"vere" ('truly')
There are great circumlocutions for "no". I remember Nancy Llewellyn had a whole list, including "haud quaquam" ('hardly/scarcely to any degree'), "nullo modo" and "nullo pacto" ('in no way'), and "nullactenus" ('to no extent'). Latin students are most often taught "minime" ('minimally', 'scarcely').
Without the circumlocutions I think you would simply do what so many other languages described here do, which is repeat the main verb of a question, either negated or not negated.